Which combination of conditions is listed as causes of urge incontinence?

• A. Neuropathic injury, obstruction, inflammation, DM
• B. Neuropathic injury only
• C. Obstruction, inflammation
• D. DM only

Answer: (A)

Urge incontinence results from detrusor overactivity during the filling phase, where the bladder contracts too readily or involuntarily. A range of conditions can trigger or mimic this overactivity. Neuropathic injury disrupts the neural control of the bladder, leading to unintended detrusor contractions. Obstruction can irritate the bladder wall and provoke overactivity as the bladder responds to outlet resistance. Inflammation, such as cystitis, sensitizes the bladder and lowers the threshold for contraction, increasing urgency and leakage. Diabetes mellitus contributes through autonomic neuropathy, altering bladder sensation and contractility to promote urgency. Because each of these categories can contribute to detrusor overactivity, listing all of them provides a comprehensive explanation of causes for urge incontinence. Choosing a narrower set would miss plausible etiologies that can occur in different patients.